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Gas permeameters are used to study the gas transport properties of porous materials in various applications, including geotechnical engineering, soil science, petroleum engineering, and materials science. They provide essential information for understanding the behavior of gas flow in porous media and for designing and optimizing processes involving gas transport, such as gas extraction, filtration, and sequestration. 

Poropermeameters are used in various fields, including petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, geotechnical engineering, and soil science. They provide information for characterizing the flow properties of porous materials, assessing reservoir quality, and evaluating the suitability of soils for construction and environmental applications.

Helium porosimeters provide important data for understanding pore volume, which is crucial for various applications in fields such as materials science, geology, and chemical engineering.

Core saturators are necessary tools in the characterization of oil and gas reservoirs, as they allow researchers and engineers to replicate subsurface conditions in the laboratory and obtain accurate data on reservoir properties. The information obtained from saturated core samples is used to optimize reservoir development and production strategies, assess reservoir performance, and estimate recoverable hydrocarbon reserves.

Capillary pressure apparatuses are important for studying fluid flow and transport in porous media and are used in many fields, including petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, soil science, and materials science. The results are used for understanding phenomena such as capillary trapping in oil reservoirs, water infiltration in soils, and fluid distribution in porous materials.

Adsorption isotherm systems provide valuable information about the surface properties and adsorption behavior of porous materials, including parameters such as specific surface area, pore size distribution, and adsorption capacity. The purpose of this equipment is to understand phenomena such as gas sorption in catalysts, separation processes, and gas storage applications. Adsorption isotherms apparatuses are widely used in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, environmental science, and chemical engineering.

Thermal conductivity apparatuses are used to measure the thermal conductivity of rock/sand pack samples. In order to achieve this goal, samples are subjected to steady-state axial heat transfer. Thermal conductivity determination is made by energy balance using the provided heat as well as the temperature measurements at specific locations within the apparatus.

Thermal instruments simulate the heat transfer by conduction and convection in porous media to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The system consists of a long sand pack filled with glass beads to represent the underground porous medium, a heater with temperature controller to provide heat and a couple of thermocouples to monitor the temperature along the porous medium. Cold water is injected with a pump from one side of the sand pack and hot water is produced from the other side. This setup helps to study the effect of temperature and flow rate on convection and conduction heat transfer.